- Human Trafficking
- Slavery
- Exploitation
- Coercion
- Debt bondage
- Forced Labor
- People Smuggling
- Transnationality
- Sexual Exploitation
Human Trafficking
Human Trafficking is also known as the modern-day-slave-trade.
Elements are:
- The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons;
- Control of persons by means of threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits;
- Exploitation, which includes (at a minimum) exploiting the prostitution of others, other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or similar practices, and the removal of organs. (UNODC (2006) Trafficking in Persons Global Patterns p52)
Human trafficking involves moving someone into slavery or slavery-like conditions.
Victims often go willingly with their traffickers because they are being deceived about the nature and conditions of the work.
Trafficking is a global phenomenon and nearly every country is a source, transit or destination (or combination of these three) for trafficked persons.
South Asian and African boys trafficked ascamel jockeys, Eastern European women trafficked into sex work, and Chinese women trafficked into garment factories in Saipan are just a few examples of the many industries into which vulnerable workers can be trafficked.
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Slavery
Slavery (Chattel Slavery) is the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised.
Or, in its narrowest sense, the word “slave” refers to people who are treated as the property of another person, household, company, corporation or government.
Slaves are held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase, or birth, and are deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to receive compensation (such as wages) in return for their labour.
Exploitation
Exploitation – The term “exploitation” may carry two distinct meanings:
- The act of utilizing something for any purpose. In this case, exploit is a synonym for use.
- The act of utilizing something in an unjust or cruel manner. It includes forcing people into prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.
For children, exploitation may also include forced prostitution, illicit international adoption, trafficking for early marriage, or recruitment as child soldiers, beggars, for sports (such as child camel jockeys or football players), or for religious cults.
Coercion
Coercion (co-er-shion) is the practice of compelling a person or manipulating them to behave in an involuntary way (whether through action or inaction) by use of threats, intimidation or some other form of pressure or force.
These are used as leverage, to force the victim to act in the desired way. Coercion may involve the actual infliction of physical pain/injury or psychological harm in order to enhance the credibility of a threat.
The threat of further harm may then lead to the cooperation or obedience of the person being coerced. Torture is one of the most extreme examples of coercion i.e. severe pain is inflicted on victims until they give interrogators the desired information.
The term is often associated with circumstances which involve the unethical use of threats or harm to achieve some objective. Coercion may also serve as a form of justification for a conclusion in a logical fallacy or non-logical argument.
Debt bondage
Debt Bondage (Bonded Labour) is the status or condition that arises when a pledge of services is given as security for a debt, but the length and nature of such services are not limited and/or defined, and their value is not applied to the liquidation of the debt. The debtor may give his/her personal services or of those of a person under his/her control as security for the debt.
Forced Labor
Forced Labour is all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty, and for which the said person has not offered him/herself voluntarily.
People Smuggling
People Smuggling is the procurement, in order to directly or indirectly obtain a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a country of which the person is not a national or a permanent resident.
Transnationality
Transnationality: Smuggling is always transnational. Trafficking in persons may not be. Human trafficking can occur regardless of whether victims are taken to another country or only moved from one place to another within the same country. (UNODC (2006) Trafficking in Persons Global Patterns p52)
Differences between human trafficking and smuggling of migrants:
Consent: The smuggling of migrants, while often undertaken in dangerous or degrading conditions, involves migrants who have consented to the smuggling.
Trafficking victims have either never consented or, if they initially consented, that consent has been rendered meaningless by the coercive, deceptive or abusive actions of the traffickers.
Exploitation: Smuggling ends with the migrants’ arrival at their destination.
Trafficking in persons involves the ongoing exploitation of the victims in some manner to generate illicit profits for the traffickers.
Sexual Exploitation
Sexual Exploitation is the result of a situation where a participant is forced into sexual servitude.
The trafficking protocol intentionally does not define the phrase “exploitation of prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation” because governments could not agree on a common meaning.
All delegates agreed that sexual servitude was trafficking. (Global Alliance Against Trafficking in Women www.gaatw.net viewed 21 January 2008)
